Most modern conflicts are intrinsically linked to food. Food can be weaponized, critical infrastructure related to food production and distribution can be targeted, and conflict often leaves a legacy of persistent food insecurity. This cycle is often self-perpetuating, with food insecurity itself acting as a catalyst for conflict. This article examines the complex relationship between conflict and hunger, focusing on the concept of “Food Wars” in the context of globalization and the 21st century.
In 2023, a staggering 278 million people across 54 conflict-ridden, refugee-hosting, and post-conflict countries faced crisis-level acute food insecurity, classified as Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) level 3 or higher. This represents a significant portion of the global population experiencing acute hunger. These “food wars” are often characterized by the deliberate disruption of food systems, the use of hunger as a tactic of war, and the long-term consequences of conflict on food security.
A recurring pattern observed in these countries is a heavy reliance on primary product exports. Ironically, conventional peacebuilding strategies often advocate for economic liberalization, primarily through promoting these exports. However, this approach can exacerbate existing inequalities, fuel further violence through competition for resources, and ultimately increase the risk of renewed conflict. The struggle for control over valuable and easily traded primary commodities can perpetuate a cycle of instability.
Agricultural exports are crucial revenue streams for smallholder farmers and governments in conflict-affected and food-insecure nations. Consequently, understanding the role of export and food crop value chains in conflict dynamics is essential for developing effective policies to address “food wars.” Some initiatives aim to leverage export crops to promote peace, sustainable livelihoods, and environmental rehabilitation. Other solutions emphasize comprehensive national development strategies, encompassing food systems approaches that prioritize the right to food and livelihood security.
These strategies also include policy frameworks that explicitly address the interconnected challenges of conflict, globalization, and climate change in shaping food and nutrition policies. Addressing the root causes of “food wars” requires a multi-faceted approach that recognizes the complex interplay between political, economic, and environmental factors. This includes promoting sustainable agricultural practices, strengthening local food systems, and addressing the underlying drivers of conflict. Ultimately, building resilient food systems and ensuring equitable access to food are critical for achieving lasting peace and security in a globalized world.
