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How Much Dry Food Should A Cat Eat A Day? Understanding the correct portion size is essential for maintaining your feline friend’s health and well-being. At larosafoods.com, we provide insights into feline nutrition, helping you navigate the world of cat food with confidence, ensuring your beloved pet enjoys a balanced diet. Proper feeding amounts combined with regular exercise ensures optimal health for your feline companion.

1. Understanding Your Cat’s Nutritional Needs

Knowing exactly how much to feed your cat each day is key to keeping them healthy and happy. It’s not a one-size-fits-all answer, though, as the ideal amount of food depends on a number of things.

1.1 What factors determine the right amount of food for a cat?

Several factors determine how much dry food a cat should eat each day:

• Age: Kittens need more calories to support growth, while senior cats may require fewer calories due to decreased activity.
• Weight: Overweight cats need a restricted diet to lose weight, while underweight cats may need more food to gain weight.
• Activity Level: Active cats burn more calories and require more food than sedentary cats.
• Health Conditions: Certain health issues, such as diabetes or kidney disease, can affect a cat’s dietary needs.
• Type of Food: Different dry foods have varying calorie densities, so it’s important to check the label.

1.2 What is the importance of calculating the daily calorie intake for cats?

Calculating your cat’s daily calorie intake is crucial for managing their weight and overall health. Just like humans, cats can suffer from obesity-related health problems if they consume more calories than they burn.

• Weight Management: Calculating calorie intake allows you to adjust portion sizes to maintain a healthy weight.
• Preventing Overfeeding: Many cat owners unknowingly overfeed their cats, leading to weight gain.
• Nutritional Balance: Ensuring adequate calorie intake also helps guarantee your cat receives the necessary nutrients.

1.3 How do the nutritional needs of indoor cats differ from outdoor cats?

Indoor cats typically have lower energy requirements compared to outdoor cats. According to a study by the University of California, Davis, indoor cats tend to be more sedentary, requiring fewer calories to maintain a healthy weight. Outdoor cats, on the other hand, expend more energy hunting and exploring, thus needing a higher caloric intake.

Here’s a simple table summarizing the differences:

Factor	Indoor Cats	Outdoor Cats
Activity Level	Lower	Higher
Calorie Needs	Lower	Higher
Diet Focus	Weight management, preventing obesity	Energy-rich to sustain activity
Feeding Habits	Controlled portions to prevent overeating	May require more frequent feeding due to activity
Exercise	Often requires encouragement through play	Naturally active

2. Guidelines for Feeding Dry Food

Dry food, also known as kibble, is a popular choice for many cat owners due to its convenience and affordability. However, it’s essential to follow specific guidelines to ensure your cat’s dietary needs are met.

2.1 What is the average daily dry food requirement for a cat?

The average adult cat typically needs about 1/2 to 1 cup of dry food per day. This amount should be divided into at least two meals. However, this is a general guideline, and the exact amount can vary based on the factors mentioned earlier.

2.2 How do you calculate the appropriate serving size of dry food based on the cat’s weight?

To calculate the appropriate serving size, start by checking the feeding guidelines on the dry food packaging. These guidelines usually provide recommendations based on the cat’s weight. For example, a 10-pound cat may need about 1/2 cup of dry food daily, while a 15-pound cat may need 3/4 cup.

Here’s a basic calculation you can use:

1. Determine your cat’s ideal weight.
2. Find the calorie content of the dry food (usually listed per cup on the packaging).
3. Calculate the daily calorie requirement based on your cat’s weight and activity level.
4. Divide the daily calorie requirement by the calorie content per cup of the dry food to find the daily serving size.

2.3 What are the potential risks of overfeeding dry food?

Overfeeding dry food can lead to several health risks:

• Obesity: Excess calories are stored as fat, leading to weight gain and obesity.
• Diabetes: Overweight cats are more prone to developing diabetes.
• Joint Problems: Extra weight puts stress on joints, potentially leading to arthritis.
• Heart Issues: Obesity can strain the cardiovascular system, increasing the risk of heart disease.

2.4 What strategies can be used to prevent overeating when feeding dry food?

To prevent overeating, consider these strategies:

• Measure Portions: Use a measuring cup to ensure accurate serving sizes.
• Scheduled Feedings: Feed your cat at specific times rather than leaving food out all day (free-feeding).
• Puzzle Feeders: These devices dispense food slowly, making your cat work for their meal and preventing rapid eating.
• Multiple Small Meals: Dividing the daily amount into several small meals can help keep your cat feeling full.
• Use a Cat Food Calculator: An easy way to control your cat’s meal portion

2.5 How does dry food compare to wet food in terms of nutrition and portion size?

Dry food is more calorie-dense and typically contains less moisture than wet food. Wet food generally has a higher protein content and lower carbohydrate content, which can be beneficial for some cats.

Here’s a comparison table:

Feature	Dry Food	Wet Food
Calorie Density	High	Lower
Moisture Content	Low (about 10%)	High (about 70-80%)
Protein Content	Varies, generally lower than wet food	Generally higher
Carbohydrate Content	Higher	Lower
Portion Size	Smaller, due to calorie density	Larger, to provide adequate calories
Cost	Typically less expensive	Typically more expensive

According to Dr. Lisa A. Pierson, a feline nutrition expert, wet food can be more beneficial for cats due to its higher moisture content, which supports kidney health.

3. Reading Cat Food Labels

Understanding cat food labels is vital for making informed decisions about your cat’s diet. The information on these labels can help you determine the nutritional value of the food and ensure it meets your cat’s specific needs.

3.1 What essential information is found on cat food labels?

Cat food labels contain several pieces of essential information:

• Ingredients List: Lists ingredients in descending order by weight.
• Guaranteed Analysis: Provides the minimum percentages of crude protein and crude fat, and the maximum percentages of crude fiber and moisture.
• Feeding Guidelines: Offers recommendations for portion sizes based on weight.
• Calorie Content: Indicates the number of calories per cup or per can.
• Nutritional Adequacy Statement: States whether the food is complete and balanced for a specific life stage, as determined by Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) feeding trials.

3.2 How to interpret the ingredients list on cat food labels?

The ingredients list is ordered by weight, so the first few ingredients make up the bulk of the food. Look for named meat sources (e.g., chicken, beef, salmon) as the primary ingredients. Avoid foods with excessive fillers like corn, wheat, and soy, as these offer little nutritional value for cats.

3.3 What is the significance of the guaranteed analysis on cat food labels?

The guaranteed analysis provides the minimum and maximum percentages of key nutrients.

• Crude Protein: Cats are obligate carnivores and require a high-protein diet. Look for foods with at least 30% protein.
• Crude Fat: Fat is essential for energy and the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Aim for a fat content of around 15-20%.
• Crude Fiber: Fiber aids in digestion. Moderate amounts are beneficial.
• Moisture: Important for hydration, especially with dry food.

3.4 How can you use the calorie content information to determine serving sizes?

The calorie content information allows you to calculate the appropriate serving size based on your cat’s daily calorie needs. For instance, if your cat needs 200 calories per day and the food contains 400 calories per cup, you would feed your cat 1/2 cup per day.

3.5 What is the AAFCO statement and why is it important?

The AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials) statement indicates whether the food is nutritionally complete and balanced for a specific life stage, such as growth, maintenance, or all life stages. This statement ensures the food meets the minimum nutritional requirements established by AAFCO.

4. The Role of Treats in a Cat’s Diet

Treats can be a fun and rewarding part of your cat’s diet, but they should be given in moderation. Overdoing treats can lead to weight gain and nutritional imbalances.

4.1 How do treats affect a cat’s overall calorie intake?

Treats contribute to your cat’s overall calorie intake. Even small treats can add up, so it’s essential to factor them into their daily calorie allowance. According to a study published in the Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, treats should make up no more than 10% of your cat’s daily calorie intake.

4.2 What are some healthy treat options for cats?

Some healthy treat options include:

• Commercial Cat Treats: Choose treats with high-quality ingredients and low calorie content.
• Cooked Meat: Small pieces of cooked chicken, turkey, or fish can be a healthy treat.
• Plain Yogurt: Some cats enjoy plain, unsweetened yogurt, which contains probiotics.
• Vegetables: Certain cats might enjoy cooked or steamed vegetables like carrots or green beans in small amounts.

4.3 How should treats be incorporated into a cat’s feeding schedule?

Treats should be given in moderation and incorporated into your cat’s feeding schedule.

• Use treats for training: Reward good behavior with a small treat.
• Limit the number of treats: Don’t exceed 10% of their daily calorie intake.
• Adjust meal sizes: Reduce the amount of dry food you give at mealtime to compensate for the calories from treats.

4.4 What are the potential risks of giving too many treats?

Giving too many treats can lead to:

• Weight Gain: Excess calories from treats can lead to obesity.
• Nutritional Imbalances: Too many treats can disrupt the balance of nutrients in your cat’s diet.
• Picky Eating: Cats may start to refuse their regular food in favor of treats.

4.5 Can treats be used as a tool for training and positive reinforcement?

Yes, treats can be an effective tool for training and positive reinforcement. Use small, healthy treats to reward good behavior, such as coming when called or using the litter box. Positive reinforcement can strengthen the bond between you and your cat.

5. Monitoring Your Cat’s Weight and Adjusting Food Intake

Regularly monitoring your cat’s weight is essential for ensuring they stay healthy. Adjusting their food intake based on weight changes can prevent obesity or malnutrition.

5.1 How often should you weigh your cat?

You should weigh your cat at least once a month to monitor their weight. More frequent weigh-ins may be necessary if your cat is overweight or has a health condition that affects their weight.

5.2 What are the signs of a healthy weight in cats?

Signs of a healthy weight in cats include:

• Visible Waist: You should be able to see a slight indentation behind their ribs when viewed from above.
• Palpable Ribs: You should be able to feel their ribs easily with a thin layer of fat covering them.
• No Abdominal Sag: Their abdomen should not sag excessively when viewed from the side.
• Active and Energetic: A healthy cat is typically active and energetic.

5.3 How to safely help an overweight cat lose weight?

To safely help an overweight cat lose weight:

1. Consult Your Veterinarian: Before starting a weight loss program, consult your veterinarian to rule out any underlying health issues.
2. Reduce Calorie Intake: Gradually reduce their daily calorie intake by 10-20%.
3. Increase Activity: Encourage exercise through play and interactive toys.
4. Feed High-Protein Diet: A high-protein diet can help them feel fuller and maintain muscle mass during weight loss.
5. Monitor Progress: Weigh your cat regularly and adjust their diet as needed.

5.4 What are the risks of rapid weight loss in cats?

Rapid weight loss in cats can lead to a serious condition called hepatic lipidosis, or fatty liver disease. This occurs when the body breaks down fat too quickly, overwhelming the liver. Symptoms include loss of appetite, vomiting, and jaundice.

5.5 How to adjust food intake for underweight cats to promote healthy weight gain?

To help an underweight cat gain weight:

1. Consult Your Veterinarian: Rule out any underlying health issues that may be causing weight loss.
2. Increase Calorie Intake: Gradually increase their daily calorie intake by 10-20%.
3. Feed Small, Frequent Meals: This can help them consume more calories without feeling overwhelmed.
4. Offer Palatable Foods: Choose foods that are appealing to your cat, such as wet food or high-protein options.
5. Monitor Progress: Weigh your cat regularly and adjust their diet as needed.

6. Special Considerations for Cats with Health Issues

Certain health issues can significantly impact a cat’s dietary needs. Adjusting their diet based on these considerations is crucial for managing their condition and improving their quality of life.

6.1 How does kidney disease affect a cat’s nutritional needs?

Cats with kidney disease often require a diet that is:

• Low in Phosphorus: High phosphorus levels can worsen kidney damage.
• Moderate in Protein: While cats need protein, excessive amounts can strain the kidneys.
• High in Moisture: Helps support kidney function and prevent dehydration.
• Supplemented with Omega-3 Fatty Acids: These can help reduce inflammation.

6.2 What dietary changes are recommended for cats with diabetes?

Cats with diabetes typically benefit from a diet that is:

• Low in Carbohydrates: Helps regulate blood sugar levels.
• High in Protein: Supports muscle mass and helps control blood sugar.
• Moderate in Fat: Provides energy without spiking blood sugar.
• Consistent Meal Times: Helps maintain stable blood sugar levels.

6.3 How to manage food allergies in cats through diet?

Managing food allergies in cats involves:

• Identifying the Allergen: Common allergens include beef, chicken, fish, and dairy.
• Feeding a Limited-Ingredient Diet: Choose foods with a single protein source and minimal ingredients.
• Novel Protein Sources: Consider foods with uncommon protein sources like duck, venison, or rabbit.
• Hydrolyzed Protein Diets: These diets contain proteins that have been broken down into smaller pieces, making them less likely to trigger an allergic reaction.

6.4 What are the dietary considerations for cats with urinary issues?

Cats with urinary issues often benefit from a diet that:

• Promotes Increased Water Intake: Wet food is ideal due to its high moisture content.
• Controls Mineral Levels: Reduced levels of magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium can help prevent crystal formation.
• Maintains Optimal Urine pH: Certain diets can help maintain a healthy urine pH to prevent crystal formation.

6.5 How to provide nutritional support for cats with gastrointestinal problems?

For cats with gastrointestinal problems:

• Feed Easily Digestible Foods: Choose foods with simple ingredients and minimal additives.
• Offer Small, Frequent Meals: This can help reduce the workload on the digestive system.
• Consider Probiotics and Prebiotics: These can support a healthy gut microbiome.
• Avoid Foods with Common Irritants: Such as dairy, gluten, and artificial additives.

7. Consulting with a Veterinarian or Feline Nutritionist

Seeking professional advice is always a good idea when making significant changes to your cat’s diet, especially if they have underlying health conditions.

7.1 When should you consult a veterinarian about your cat’s diet?

You should consult a veterinarian about your cat’s diet if:

• Your cat has any underlying health conditions.
• Your cat is overweight or underweight.
• You are considering switching to a new type of food.
• Your cat has any digestive issues or food allergies.
• You have concerns about your cat’s nutritional needs.

7.2 What questions should you ask your veterinarian about your cat’s dietary needs?

Some questions to ask your veterinarian include:

• What is my cat’s ideal weight?
• How many calories should my cat be eating each day?
• What type of food do you recommend for my cat’s specific needs?
• Are there any ingredients I should avoid?
• How often should I feed my cat?
• Are there any supplements that would benefit my cat?

7.3 What is the role of a feline nutritionist in determining a cat’s optimal diet?

A feline nutritionist can provide expert advice on your cat’s dietary needs. They can:

• Assess your cat’s current diet and health status.
• Develop a customized diet plan tailored to your cat’s specific needs.
• Provide guidance on portion sizes, feeding schedules, and treat options.
• Monitor your cat’s progress and make adjustments to the diet as needed.

7.4 How to find a qualified veterinarian or feline nutritionist?

To find a qualified veterinarian or feline nutritionist:

• Ask your current veterinarian for a referral.
• Check with local veterinary hospitals and clinics.
• Search online directories for certified veterinary nutritionists.
• Read reviews and testimonials from other cat owners.

7.5 What are the benefits of personalized dietary recommendations for cats?

Personalized dietary recommendations can offer several benefits:

• Improved Health: Tailored diets can help manage health conditions and improve overall well-being.
• Optimal Weight Management: Personalized plans can help cats achieve and maintain a healthy weight.
• Increased Energy Levels: Proper nutrition can boost energy and vitality.
• Better Digestion: Customized diets can address digestive issues and improve nutrient absorption.
• Enhanced Quality of Life: A healthy diet can contribute to a happier and more comfortable life for your cat.

8. Practical Tips for Managing Your Cat’s Dry Food Intake

Managing your cat’s dry food intake effectively can be achieved through various practical strategies that promote healthy eating habits and prevent overfeeding.

8.1 How to use automated feeders to control portion sizes and feeding schedules?

Automated feeders are an excellent tool for managing your cat’s dry food intake. They allow you to:

• Control Portion Sizes: Pre-set the exact amount of food dispensed at each meal.
• Set Feeding Schedules: Ensure your cat is fed at consistent times each day, even when you’re not home.
• Prevent Overeating: By dispensing only the programmed amount, you can prevent your cat from overeating.
• Reduce Begging: Consistent feeding times can help reduce begging behavior.

8.2 What are the benefits of using puzzle feeders for dry food?

Puzzle feeders offer several benefits:

• Slow Down Eating: Cats have to work for their food, which slows down their eating pace and prevents gulping.
• Provide Mental Stimulation: Puzzle feeders challenge your cat mentally, reducing boredom and anxiety.
• Promote Activity: Encourages physical activity as your cat interacts with the feeder.
• Prevent Overeating: The slower eating pace can help your cat feel fuller on less food.

8.3 How to create a stimulating feeding environment for indoor cats?

To create a stimulating feeding environment:

• Use Multiple Feeding Stations: Place small amounts of food in different locations around the house to encourage exploration.
• Elevate Feeding Bowls: Raising the feeding bowl can improve posture and reduce strain on the neck and joints.
• Hide Food: Hide small portions of dry food in various spots to encourage hunting behavior.
• Rotate Toys: Regularly rotate interactive feeding toys to keep your cat engaged.

8.4 What are some creative ways to make dry food more appealing to picky eaters?

If your cat is a picky eater:

• Warm the Food: Slightly warming the food can enhance its aroma and make it more appealing.
• Add Flavor Enhancers: Sprinkle a small amount of tuna juice or catnip on the food.
• Mix with Wet Food: Combine a small amount of wet food with the dry food to improve palatability.
• Try Different Shapes and Textures: Experiment with different kibble shapes and textures to find one your cat prefers.
• Ensure Freshness: Make sure the dry food is fresh and hasn’t gone stale.

8.5 How to handle multi-cat households to ensure each cat gets the right amount of food?

In multi-cat households:

• Feed Separately: Feed each cat in a separate location to prevent food stealing.
• Use Microchip Feeders: These feeders only open for the cat with the corresponding microchip, ensuring each cat gets their designated portion.
• Monitor Food Intake: Keep an eye on each cat’s food intake to ensure they are eating the right amount.
• Adjust Feeding Schedules: If necessary, adjust feeding schedules to accommodate each cat’s individual needs.

9. Debunking Common Myths About Feeding Cats Dry Food

There are several misconceptions about feeding cats dry food. It’s important to separate fact from fiction to make informed decisions about your cat’s diet.

9.1 Myth: Dry food cleans cats’ teeth.

Fact: While some dry foods are marketed as dental diets, they are not as effective as regular teeth brushing. The kibble often shatters, providing minimal abrasive action. According to the American Veterinary Dental College, enzymatic dental chews and regular teeth brushing are more effective for dental health.

9.2 Myth: Cats can self-regulate their dry food intake.

Fact: Cats often overeat when given free access to dry food. Dry food is calorie-dense, and many cats will consume more than they need, leading to weight gain. Portion control is essential for maintaining a healthy weight.

9.3 Myth: All dry foods are nutritionally complete and balanced.

Fact: Not all dry foods are created equal. It’s important to choose a dry food that meets AAFCO standards and contains high-quality ingredients. Check the label to ensure it provides complete and balanced nutrition for your cat’s life stage.

9.4 Myth: Dry food is always cheaper than wet food.

Fact: While dry food is often less expensive per pound, the cost can vary depending on the brand and quality. High-quality wet foods may be more expensive upfront but can offer better nutritional value. Consider the overall cost and nutritional benefits when making your decision.

9.5 Myth: Cats don’t need water if they eat dry food.

Fact: Hydration is crucial for cats, especially those on a dry food diet. Dry food has low moisture content, so cats need to drink plenty of water to stay hydrated. Ensure your cat has access to fresh, clean water at all times.

10. Latest Trends and Research in Feline Nutrition

Staying updated with the latest trends and research in feline nutrition can help you provide the best possible care for your cat.

10.1 What are the current trends in cat food ingredients and formulations?

Current trends include:

• High-Protein, Low-Carbohydrate Diets: Many cat owners are opting for diets that mimic a cat’s natural prey, which is high in protein and low in carbohydrates.
• Grain-Free Diets: While not necessary for all cats, grain-free diets are popular among owners who believe their cats have sensitivities to grains.
• Limited-Ingredient Diets: These diets are designed for cats with food allergies or sensitivities, containing a minimal number of ingredients to reduce the risk of reactions.
• Natural and Holistic Diets: These diets emphasize whole, unprocessed ingredients and avoid artificial additives.

10.2 How does the gut microbiome affect a cat’s health and dietary needs?

The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in a cat’s health, influencing digestion, immunity, and overall well-being. Research suggests that:

• A balanced gut microbiome can improve nutrient absorption and digestion.
• Probiotics and prebiotics can help support a healthy gut microbiome.
• Dietary fiber can promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut.

10.3 What are the emerging research findings on the role of specific nutrients in feline health?

Emerging research highlights the importance of:

• Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Beneficial for reducing inflammation and supporting joint health.
• Antioxidants: Help protect against cellular damage and support immune function.
• Taurine: An essential amino acid for heart and eye health.
• L-Carnitine: Supports fat metabolism and muscle function.

10.4 How are personalized nutrition plans becoming more accessible for cat owners?

Personalized nutrition plans are becoming more accessible through:

• Online Consultations: Many veterinarians and feline nutritionists offer online consultations to develop customized diet plans.
• Subscription Services: Some companies offer personalized meal plans based on your cat’s individual needs and preferences.
• DIY Resources: There are numerous online resources and tools to help you create a balanced and nutritious diet for your cat at home.

10.5 What are the future directions in feline nutrition research?

Future research is likely to focus on:

• The impact of diet on the gut microbiome and overall health.
• The development of more precise and personalized nutrition plans.
• The role of specific nutrients in preventing and managing chronic diseases.
• The creation of innovative and sustainable cat food ingredients.

Ensuring your cat receives the right amount of dry food each day is crucial for their health and well-being. By understanding their nutritional needs, reading food labels, monitoring their weight, and consulting with a veterinarian or feline nutritionist, you can provide a balanced and nutritious diet that supports a long and happy life.

At larosafoods.com, we’re dedicated to providing you with the information and resources you need to make informed decisions about your cat’s diet. Explore our website for more articles, tips, and recipes to help your feline friend thrive. If you have any further questions or need personalized advice, don’t hesitate to contact us at +1 (415) 987-0123 or visit our location at 1 S Park St, San Francisco, CA 94107, United States. Let larosafoods.com be your trusted partner in feline nutrition!

FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions About Feeding Your Cat Dry Food

1. How much dry food should a kitten eat a day?

Kittens typically need more calories than adult cats to support their growth. A general guideline is to feed them about 1/2 to 1 cup of kitten-specific dry food per day, divided into multiple small meals. Always check the food label for specific recommendations and consult with your veterinarian.

2. Is it okay to leave dry food out for my cat all day?

Leaving dry food out all day (free-feeding) can lead to overeating and weight gain in many cats. Scheduled feedings with measured portions are generally recommended to maintain a healthy weight.

3. Can I mix dry food with wet food for my cat?

Yes, mixing dry and wet food can be a good way to provide variety and increase your cat’s moisture intake. Just be sure to adjust the portion sizes of each to avoid overfeeding and maintain a balanced diet.

4. What are the best dry food ingredients for cats?

Look for dry foods with a named meat source (e.g., chicken, beef, salmon) as the primary ingredient. Avoid foods with excessive fillers like corn, wheat, and soy.

5. How can I tell if my cat is overweight?

Signs of an overweight cat include not being able to feel their ribs easily, a lack of a visible waistline, and a sagging abdomen. Your veterinarian can help you determine if your cat is at a healthy weight.

6. What are some common food allergies in cats?

Common food allergens in cats include beef, chicken, fish, and dairy. If you suspect your cat has a food allergy, consult with your veterinarian to identify the allergen and choose an appropriate diet.

7. How does age affect the amount of dry food a cat needs?

Kittens need more calories to support growth, adult cats need a moderate amount to maintain their weight, and senior cats may need fewer calories due to decreased activity. Adjust the portion sizes accordingly.

8. Is grain-free dry food better for cats?

Grain-free dry food is not necessarily better for all cats. While it can be beneficial for cats with grain sensitivities, most cats can digest grains without issue. Focus on choosing a food with high-quality ingredients that meets your cat’s nutritional needs.

9. How important is fresh water for cats on a dry food diet?

Fresh water is extremely important for cats on a dry food diet. Dry food has low moisture content, so cats need to drink plenty of water to stay hydrated and support kidney health.

10. Should I change my cat’s dry food as they get older?

Yes, it’s generally a good idea to switch to a senior-specific dry food as your cat ages. These foods are often formulated to meet the specific needs of older cats, such as lower calorie content and added joint support.